Forest landscapes in the midhill of the central Nepal are not satisfactorily conserved within the protected area network system. Understanding the effect of the human activities on the wildlife in this area is very important for lunching the conservation strategy. This study aimed to highlight the general occurrence of the large mammals to this human dominated landscape. Present study was focused on the three blocks of Tanahun and Kaski districts viz~ Panchase area (Block A), Manpur, Rishing, Ghiring area (Block B) and Devghat and Gaighat area (Block C). This study identified the disturbance gradients and their effects on the distribution of large mammals using vantage point counts, track and transect survey methods. Climate change is burning issues which directly and indirectly affect the distribution of flora and fauna and its effects on people’s livlihood. We also identified the major factors of the climate change and some strategies applied by the locals to cope with climate change. The local people used the animals and plants for traditional treatment system. The information of the climate change and ethno medicinal uses of animal parts were collected by using structured and semi structured questionnaires focus group discussion and key informant interview. Abundance of all species studied declined nearer to village and roads in all study blocks. Furthermore, the water sources play the vital role for the distribution of wildlife. The occurrence of signs of large mammals was more nearer to the water resources. Distribution of the Himalayn black bear was only concentrated in the high altitude of Panchase area. The abundance of the animals and their signs were more in Block A than B and C. This is due to much fragmentation of the forest in the block B and C. We recorded 35 species of vertebrates (17 species mammals, 9 birds, 3 reptiles, 3 amphibian and 3 fish) belonging to 12 orders, 23 families were used by local people for the treatment of different diseases and disorders. Results showed that the most of local people of the study area were perceived the climate change. The respondents felt change in temperature, change in biodiversity, dry rate of land, dry of streams and rivers had increased and rainfall had decreased over last 15 years. The local people have been applying various adaptation strategies such as harvesting rain water, controlling alien and invasive plant species by making bio-briquette, compost manures; changing the resistance varieties of crops to cope with increased rate of pest insects and diseases. But due to the lack of knowledge and sources they have no any effective idea to adapt under such changing climate scenarios. Therefore, the policy makers, planners and donor agencies should focus on capacity building of the famers to cope with changing climate in such fragmented midhill landscape.
